Umbilical and median cerebral arteries PI and cerebroplacental ratio:
Ciobanu A, Wright A, Syngelaki A, Wright D, Akolekar R, Nicolaides KH. Fetal Medicine Foundation
reference ranges for umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index and
cerebroplacental ratio. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Apr;53(4):465-472. doi:
10.1002/uog.20157. Epub 2019 Feb 13. PMID: 30353583.
Median cerebral artery maximum velocity MoMs:
Mari G, Adrignolo A, Abuhamad AZ, Pirhonen J, Jones DC, Ludomirsky A, Copel JA. Diagnosis of
fetal anemia with Doppler ultrasound in the pregnancy complicated by maternal blood group
immunization. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Jun;5(6):400-5. doi:
10.1046/j.1469-0705.1995.05060400.x. PMID: 7552802.
Mari G, Deter RL, Carpenter RL, Rahman F, Zimmerman R, Moise KJ Jr, Dorman KF, Ludomirsky A,
Gonzalez R, Gomez R, Oz U, Detti L, Copel JA, Bahado-Singh R, Berry S, Martinez-Poyer J,
Blackwell SC. Noninvasive diagnosis by Doppler ultrasonography of fetal anemia due to maternal
red-cell alloimmunization. Collaborative Group for Doppler Assessment of the Blood Velocity in
Anemic Fetuses. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 6;342(1):9-14. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200001063420102. PMID:
10620643.
Ductus venosus Doppler:
Hecher K, Campbell S, Snijders R, Nicolaides K. Reference ranges for fetal venous and
atrioventricular blood flow parameters. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Sep 1;4(5):381-390. doi:
10.1046/j.1469-0705.1994.04050381.x. PMID: 12797146.
Uterine arteries Doppler:
Gómez O, Figueras F, Fernández S, Bennasar M, Martínez JM, Puerto B, Gratacós E. Reference ranges
for uterine artery mean pulsatility index at 11-41 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet
Gynecol. 2008 Aug;32(2):128-32. doi: 10.1002/uog.5315. PMID: 18457355.
